Additionally, session-by-session assessments allow therapists to have objective data on the effectiveness of their interventions for each particular patient. These measures are used to keep track of symptom shifts and improvements in order to better assess triggering cognitions, events and situations during the week and to identify those related to session content or material. They may instead, or in addition, ask a patient to complete an omnibus measure of symptom severity, such as the OQ-45 ( Lambert et al., 2004). DeRubeis, in Encyclopedia of Mental Health (Second Edition), 2016 The Structure of the Sessionīefore the start of every session, CT therapists provide patients with specific symptom assessments, such as the Beck depression inventory-II ( Beck et al., 1996 ) for depression, the Beck anxiety inventory ( Beck and Steer, 1993) for anxiety, or the Beck hopelessness scale ( Beck and Steer, 1988) for hopelessness. Correlations of the BAI with a set of self-report and clinician-rated scales were all significant (e.g., Spearman rank correlation coefficient ( r s) > 0.50). The BAI has been found to discriminate well between anxious and nonanxious diagnostic groups and, as a result, is useful as a screening measure for anxiety. The test is designed for self-report in individuals aged 17 and up. The BAI can be given to the same patient in subsequent sessions to track the progression or improvement of the anxiety. A total score of 0–7 is considered minimal range, 8–15 is mild, 16–25 is moderate, and 26–63 is severe. For each item, the patient is asked to report how he or she has felt during the past week. Each item allows the patient four choices from no symptom to severe symptom. The items reflect symptoms of anxiety, including: numbness or tingling, feeling hot, wobbliness in legs, ability to relax, fear of the worst happening, dizziness or lightheadedness, pounding or racing heart, unsteadiness, feeling terrified, feeling nervous, feeling of choking, hands trembling, feeling shaky, fear of losing control, difficulty breathing, fear of dying, feeling scared, indigestion or abdominal discomfort, faintness, face flushing, and sweating. The BAI contains 21 self-report items ( Beck et al., 1996b). The scale was developed by Aaron T Beck, MD ( Beck et al., 1990 Steer and Beck, 1997). The BAI is a rating scale used to evaluate the severity of anxiety symptoms. Thase, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2012 The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) These findings are the first to show that the tri-allelic 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is associated with elevated risk of GAD, and that this effect is mediated via increased trait neuroticism, a sex-dependent risk pathway.ĭonovan Maust. Participants were restricted to Han Chinese, and we used only 1 questionnaire to assess neuroticism. Using traditional case–control comparisons, we observed that the effect of tri-allelic genotype on GAD was significant, but only in women. Men, however, showed the opposite pattern. Compared to women carrying the S'S' genotype, women carrying the L' allele had higher levels of MPI-Neuroticism, which in turn were associated with higher risk of GAD. Using endophenotype-based path analyses, we found significant indirect effects of the tri-allelic genotype on risk of GAD, mediated by MPI-Neuroticism in both men and women. We used the Neuroticism scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) short version (MPI-Neuroticism) to measure participants’ tendency toward neuroticism. We genotyped the 5-HTTLPR and rs25531 polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method. We included 2236 Han Chinese adults in this study, including 736 patients with GAD and 1500 healthy participants. In the present study, in addition to conventional case–control methods, we used pathway analyses to test whether the tri-allelic serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (combining 5-HTTLPR and rs25531) is associated with risk of GAD through its effects on trait neuroticism. Furthermore, endophenotype-based pathway approaches have recently been shown to have greater advantages for gene-finding strategies than traditional case–control studies. Neuroticism personality trait is recognized as an important endophenotypic predictor of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Hsin-An Chang MD, in Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 2020 ABSTRACT Background
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